1. Is Gambling Illegal In Indiana
2. Is Online Gambling Illegal In Indiana

Online gambling laws in India are vague and open to
interpretation. Ask 50 different people about the legality of
betting in India and you’ll get 50 different answers. On this
page, we’ll attempt to give you a thorough but concise overview
of the current legal situation.

Gambling is regulated in India at the national and state
levels. On the national stage, gambling is mostly addressed by
two or three acts depending on who you ask:

There is a law in India that says it is illegal to fund online gambling sites without using Rupees. This law is called the Foreign Exchange Management Act. If you are to place a bet at an online bookmaker or gaming site you need to do so in Rupees. Gaming/Gambling being a State subject, gaming/gambling in India have laws which differ from state to state. This would mean what is permitted in one State may be an offence in another. The Public Gambling Act, 1867, is the central enactment on the subject, which has been adopted by certain states of India like Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Madhya. Gambling, as such, has been illegal in India since the Public Gaming Act. Persons caught breaking the law receive rather mild punishment; up to 200 rupees fine, or up to 3 months imprisonment. The Act does, however, not completely ban all forms of gambling. Instead, it differentiates between games of skill and games of chance.

Is Gambling Illegal In Indiana

• The Public Gambling Act of 1867
• Prize Competition Act, 1955
• The Information Technology Act of 2000 (maybe)

Online gambling isn’t specifically mentioned in any of these
acts so it resides in a grey area of the law. Some could argue
that the Public Gambling act of 1867 applies to online gambling
since it restricts all forms of “gambling.” Additionally,
there’s the problem that “gambling” itself is never defined by
the act.

The states also have the authority to regulate gambling to a
degree. Two states, Goa and Sikkim, have authorized a limited
number of brick-and-mortar casinos. The other states outlaw most
forms of gambling, betting, and poker. The one nationwide
exception is horse racing betting, which the Supreme Court ruled
was a game of skill in 1996.

Although most forms of real-world gambling are banned in
India, there are no legal means for prosecuting those who choose
to place their bets online. For that reason, India is a
fast-growing market for online gambling. With 1.2 billion
inhabitants and a growing middle class, India shows great
potential for e-gaming operators.

Offshore betting sites such as Bet365 have already entered
the market and cater to Indians. At Bet365, you may deposit with
Indian rupees and are welcomed to register and play all games
from India. Bet365 resides outside of India and is therefore
safe from the laws that ban the operation of gambling websites.
And since there are no laws that prohibit individual people from
placing bets online, Bet365 is able to take advantage of the
legal loophole.

The Public Gambling Act of 1867

The Public Gambling Act of 1867 made it illegal to run a
gaming house or be found in one. The act describes a gaming
house as “any house, walled enclosure, room or place, playing or
gaming with cards, dice, counters, money or other instruments of
gaming or is found there present for the purpose of gaming,
whether playing for any money, wager, stake or otherwise.” The
penalty for being caught in one is up to a month in jail.

This act predates the internet by well over a hundred years
so there’s a good deal of debate as to whether or not it applies
to online gambling. Does a website count as a “place” where
instruments of gaming are present? It depends on who you ask.

Further complicating matters, an amendment in 1976 added the
following text:

The question remains: does the internet count as a “vehicle,
vessel or place?” The 1976 amendment also predates the internet,
but it could be interpreted as applying to the internet.

Is Online Gambling Illegal In Indiana

Additionally, there’s no ironclad definition of the word
“gambling.” The closest the Public Gambling Act of 1867 comes to
defining “gambling” is in section 12:

Prize Competition Act, 1955

The Prize Competition Act, 1955 seems to address a very
specific type of gambling, but it has been interpreted as
applying to all forms of gaming in which a prize is awarded. In
short, the act bans prize competitions in which the prizes
exceed a thousand rupees a month.

The act defines “prize competition” with the following text:

The Information Technology Act of 2000

The Information Technology Act of 2000 is even more difficult
than the other two acts described above, because it’s so broad
in scope. This act still causes a great deal of controversy
today due to its vague wording and harsh punishments for a wide
range of infractions.

Like the other two acts on this page, the Information
Technology Act doesn’t specifically mention online gambling.
However, the following text could be interpreted to apply to
internet wagering. No internet betting cases have yet to be
tried under the act, so we don’t yet know if it applies to
gambling or not. We will have to wait and see.

The most controversial portion of the act is also the part
that may or may not apply to online gambling:

A violation of this portion of the act may result in
imprisonment for up to three years and an unspecified crime. The
Bombay High Court has already ruled that this act can be applied
to content published on websites.

Could online gambling be considered a message that may cause
insult, injury, or ill will? Does it fall under the comically vague
“etc.”? We don’t know. So far, we have yet to read about anyone
being charged with placing bets under the law.

What This All Means

In summary, gambling laws in India are confusing, poorly
written, and haphazardly enforced. The reality of it all for
online gambling specifically is that people across India bet
online every day. There are no laws that criminalize the mere
act of placing a few bets online. If you live in India, you have
access to a wide range of internet casinos, sportsbooks, and
poker rooms.

There’s no reason to limit yourself from enjoying the
excitement and convenience provided by gaming websites. In most
locations, betting over the internet is safer than doing it in
person. Millions of Indians already gamble online and have had
no legal issues to date.

The one bit of caution we would recommend is to look into the
laws in your area. Indian gaming law makes little sense and is
enforced at random. You should always check with the local
authorities before you place real money bets anywhere.

Before entering into the question of online betting or gambling, let us examine whether ‘gambling or betting’ per se is legal or illegal in India. There are no central laws against gambling or betting in India. The Public Gambling Act, 1867 does not prohibit gambling or betting, it merely prohibits and prescribes punishment Act to provide for the ‘punishment of public gambling’ and the ‘keeping of common gaming-houses’.

As per the Act, “Common gaming-house” means any house, walled enclosure, room or place in which cards, dice, tables or other instruments of gaming are kept or used for the profit or gain of the person owning, occupying, using or keeping such house, enclosure, room or place, whether by way of charge for the use of the instruments of gaming, or of the house, enclosure, room or place, or otherwise howsoever.

Thus, what is prohibited is “owning common gaming houses”. Further, a person found in such common gaming houses “playing or gaming” or is found there present for the purpose of gaming shall be liable to fine.

Can we say that online betting or gambling website or application is a “common gaming house.” When the Act was legislated in 1867, there was no internet or website. However, if we see the definition of common-gaming house, it includes a “place” in which instruments are kept for gaming. Meaning of place cannot be confined to “physical space only”, a place on web space is also a place, and therefore owning a website or application which offers gaming services “for gain” is prohibited under the Public Gambling Act.

Page Contents

Gaming:

The term “Gaming” was explained by Supreme Court in M.J. Sivani v. State of Karnataka, [(1995) 6 SCC 289],

“The elements of gaming are the presence of prizes or consideration, chance and prizes are reward and games include a contrivance which has for its object to furnish sport, recreation or amusement. Amusement would mean diversion, pastime or enjoyment or a pleasurable occupation of the senses, or that which furnished it. A common gaming house is a place or public place kept or used for playing therein any game of chance, or any mixed game of chance and skill, in which the organiser keeps one or more of the players. It is also a place in which any game is played, the chances of which are not favourable alike to all the players. Gaming is to play any game whether of skill or chance for money or money’s worth and the act is not less gaming because the game played is not in itself unlawful and whether it involved or did not involve skill.”

What is a Game of Skill:

Section 12 of the Public Gambling Act provides that Nothing in the foregoing provisions shall be held to apply to any “game of mere skill” wherever played. So, what is “game of skill”. A game of skill is a game where the outcome is determined mainly by mental or physical skill, rather than chance. Alternatively, a game of chance is one where its outcome is strongly influenced by some randomizing device, such as dice, spinning tops, playing cards, roulette wheels, or numbered balls drawn from a container. While a game of chance may have some skill element to it, chance generally plays a greater role in determining its outcome. A game of skill may also may have elements of chance, but skill plays a greater role in determining its outcome.

Whether a game is of chance or skill is a question of fact to be decided on the basis of facts and circumstances of each case. The Indian courts have recognised that no game is a game of pure skill alone and almost all games involve an element, albeit infinitesimal, of chance. The Hon’ble Supreme Court of India has interpreted the words “mere skill” to include games which are preponderantly of skill and even if there is an element of chance, if a game is preponderantly a game of skill, it would nevertheless be a game of “mere skill”.

What is Gambling:

Supreme Court observed in K.R. Lakshmanan (Dr) v. State of T.N., [(1996) 2 SCC 226],

“The New Encyclopaedia Britannica defines gambling as “the betting or staking of something of value, with consciousness of risk and hope of gain on the outcome of a game, a contest, or an uncertain event the result of which may be determined by chance or accident or have an unexpected result by reason of the better’s miscalculations”. According to Black’s Law Dictionary (6th Edn.) “Gambling involves, not only chance, but a hope of gaining something beyond the amount played. Gambling consists of consideration, an element of chance and a reward”. Gambling in a nutshell is payment of a price for a chance to win a prize. Games may be of chance or of skill or of skill and chance combined. A game of chance is determined entirely or in part by lot or mere luck. The throw of the dice, the turning of the wheel, the shuffling of the cards, are all modes of chance. In these games the result is wholly uncertain and doubtful. No human mind knows or can know what it will be until the dice is thrown, the wheel stops its revolution or the dealer has dealt with the cards. A game of skill, on the other hand — although the element of chance necessarily cannot be entirely eliminated — is one in which success depends principally upon the superior knowledge, training, attention, experience and adroitness of the player. Golf, chess and even rummy are considered to be games of skill. The courts have reasoned that there are few games, if any, which consist purely of chance or skill, and as such a game of chance is one in which the element of chance predominates over the element of skill, and a game of skill is one in which the element of skill predominates over the element of chance. It is the dominant element — ‘skill’ or ‘chance’ — which determines the character of the game.”

Supreme Court laid down the principle in Satyanarayana case [(1968) 2 SCR 387 : AIR 1968 SC 825 : 1968 Cri LJ 1009], that (i) the competitions where success depends on substantial degree of skill are not ‘gambling’ and (ii) despite there being an element of chance if a game is preponderantly a game of skill it would nevertheless be a game of “mere skill”. We, therefore, hold that the expression “mere skill” would mean substantial degree or preponderance of skill.

The law laid down by Supreme Court in the State of Bombay v. Chamarbaugwala [AIR 1957 SC 699] and [AIR 1957 SC 628], wherein it has been authoritatively held that a competition which substantially depends on skill is not gambling. Gaming is the act or practice of gambling on a game of chance. It is staking on chance where chance is the controlling factor. ‘Gaming’ in the two Acts would, therefore, mean wagering or betting on games of chance. It would not include games of skill like horse-racing. In any case, Section 49 of the Police Act and Section 11 of the Gaming Act specifically save the games of mere skill from the penal provisions of the two Acts. We, therefore, hold that wagering or betting on horse-racing — a game of skill — does not come within the definition of ‘gaming’ under the two Acts.

From the above following proposition emerges;

(i) Betting or gambling is not illegal or prohibited in India.

(ii) What is illegal is running or maintaining “common gaming houses for gains”.

(iii) None of the prohibitions apply if the game is a “game of mere skill”.

Element of Chance and Hope:

There is nothing in this life that does not depend upon chance, at least to some extent. The government makes a policy, and there are elements of chance whether the policy will succeed or not- is the policy-making a game of chance? An art dealer buys a work of art in the hope that prices of that work of art will increase in the future- is it a game of chance? People elect a government in the hope of good governance which may or not materializes- is it a game of chance? If we start seeing life in this light, there is nothing in life that is not a game of chance. If an effort or wish to gain money on chance is gambling- life is a gamble.

What is learning? What is knowledge? Learning or knowledge is nothing but acquiring skills, temperaments and information so that the “element of chance” in every game improves in one’s favour. So why do policy makers learn economics- so that they can make a policy which has a better chance of performing. Why should judges learn law- so that probability of justice increases in judgments.

Usefulness or uselessness of an activity has no meaning. A person may spend years in leaning the nuances of art or poetry or cricket, but on a crude level the activities may not be useful. A game of skill is when a player invests his/her time in learning, practising and refining his skill to perform in a particular game. The Supreme Court noted that games of skill would be where “success depends principally upon the superior knowledge, training, attention, experience and adroitness of the player. It is also noted by the Supreme Court that a Game of Skill will have a predominance of Skill Factor.

The Supreme Court in the case of K.R. Lakshmanan Vs. State of Tamil Nadu [AIR 1996 SC 1153] while deciding whether a “horse-race run on the turf of the club” is a game of chance or a game of “mere skill”? It held that the “horse-racing is a game where the winning depends substantially and preponderantly on skill”. The Court also said that “we have no hesitation in reaching the conclusion that the horse-racing is a sport which primarily depends on the special ability acquired by training. It is the speed and stamina of the horse, acquired by training, which matters. Jockeys are experts in the art of riding. Between two equally fast horses, a better trained jockey can touch the winning-post.

Another example is that of Rummy wherein the Supreme Court in State of Andhra Pradesh v. K. Satyanarayana [(1968) 2 SCR 387] concluded that “Rummy, on the other hand, requires certain amount of skill because the fall of the cards has to be memorised and the building up of Rummy requires considerable skill in holding and discarding cards. We cannot, therefore, say that the game of Rummy is a game of entire chance. It is mainly and preponderantly a game of skill”.

Betting and Gambling- A state subject:

In 1950 the constitution of India was introduced. In the constitution, it is written that states are allowed to formulate their own gambling laws. “Gambling and betting” have been mentioned in list-II of the seventh schedule of the Constitution, and therefore states are empowered to legislate laws on it. This means that each state in India has it’s own “betting and gambling” laws, and hence even the online “betting and gambling” will depends upon those laws.

Thus, in the state of Maharashtra, games of skill are allowed while games of luck are prohibited. The same is true for Karnataka and many other states. The state of Goa has allowed gambling by enacting the Goa, Daman and Diu Public Gambling Act, 1976. The Goa, Daman and Diu Public Gambling Act, 1976 was amended to allow card-rooms in offshore vessels and slot machines in five-star hotels. The Sikkim Regulation of Gambling (Amendment) 2005 authorises the State government to notify the specified areas where permission can be granted for running of casinos on payment of a specified fee.

The state of Nagaland has enacted the Nagaland Prohibition of Gaming and Promotion and Regulation of Online Games of Skill Act, 2016. The said Act provides for regulation and promotion of “games of skill” through the issuance of licenses. This Act provides that the license holders under the same can operate from any State in India where gambling is allowed. The state of Sikkim has framed legislation regulating the virtual or online gaming activities within its territory through Sikkim Online Gaming (Regulation) Act, 2008.

Recently the State of Tamilnadu, amended the Tamilnadu Gaming Act, 1930 by inserting Section 3A, which states that, “No person shall wager or bet in cyberspace using computers, computer system, computer network, computer resource, any communication device or any other instrument of gaming by playing rummy, poker or any other game.” The ordinance inserts the word cyber cafe under the Act as well as electronic record, computers, computer system, computer network, computer resource or any communication device under the amendment.

Conclusion:

Betting and gambling are state subjects, and states are duly empowered to regulate “betting and gambling”. The regulations may be in the form of licensing or even prohibition. As different states legislate different laws, uncertainty is likely to continue in the area. Though uncertainty in laws is a great tyranny, “uncertainty” in laws cannot be eliminated just like in any other areas of life. To that extent, even law making is a “game of chance” with the element of hope that newly enacted laws will work and do good.

[Views expressed are personal views of the author. The author may be contacted on office@rklegal.org]